SLEEP DISORDERS {INSOMNIAS}

Sleep disorders
A sleep disorder (somnipathy) is a disorder in the sleep patterns of a person or animal. Some sleep disorders can interfere with mental and emotional function. A test commonly ordered for some sleep disorders is the polysomnogram.
Contents
1 Common sleep disorders
2 Broad classifications of sleep disorders
3 Common causes of sleep disorders
4 General Principles of Treatment
5 See also
Common sleep disorders
The most common sleep disorders include:
Bruxism: The sufferer involuntarily grinds his or her teeth while sleeping.
Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS): A sleep disorder of circadian rhythm, characterized by the inability to wake up and fall asleep at the desired times, but not by inability to stay asleep.
Hypopnea syndrome: Abnormally shallow breathing or slow respiratory rate while sleeping.
Narcolepsy: The condition of falling asleep spontaneously and unwillingly.
Night terror or Pavor nocturnus or sleep terror disorder: abrupt awakening from sleep with behavior consistent with terror.
Parasomnias: Include a variety of disruptive sleep-related events.
Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD): Involuntary movement of arms and/or legs during sleep. See also Hypnic jerk, which is not a disorder.
Rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD): Acting out violent or dramatic dreams while in REM sleep.
Restless legs syndrome (RLS): An irresistible urge to move legs while sleeping. Often accompanies PLMD.
Shift work sleep disorder (SWSD).
Sleep apnea: The obstruction of the airway during sleep.
Sleepwalking or somnambulism: Engaging in activities that are normally associated with wakefulness (such as eating or dressing), which may include walking, without the conscious knowledge of the subject.
Snoring: Loud breathing patterns while sleeping, sometimes accompanying sleep apnea.
Broad classifications of sleep disorders
Dysomnias - A broad category of sleep disorders characterized by either hypersomnolence or insomnia. The three major subcategories include intrinsic (i.e., arising from within the body), extrinsic (secondary to environmental conditions or various pathologic conditions), and disturbances of circadian rhythm. MeSH
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Obstructive sleep apnea
Restless leg syndrome
Periodic limb movement disorder
Hypersomnia
Recurrent hypersomnia - including Kleine-Levin syndrome
Posttraumatic hypersomnia
"Healthy" hypersomnia
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
Delayed sleep phase syndrome
Advanced sleep phase syndrome
Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome
Parasomnias
REM sleep behaviour disorder
Sleep terror
Sleepwalking (or somnambulism)
Tooth-grinding
Bedwetting or sleep enuresis.
Sudden infant death syndrome (or SIDS)
Sleep talking (or somniloquy)
Sleep sex (or sexsomnia)
Exploding head syndrome - Waking up in the night hearing loud noises.

Medical or Psychiatric Conditions that may produce sleep disorders
Psychoses (such as Schizophrenia)
Mood disorders
Depression
Anxiety
Panic
Alcoholism
Sleeping sickness - can be carried by the Tsetse fly
Snoring - Not a disorder in and of itself, but it can be a symptom of deeper problems.
Common causes of sleep disorders
Changes in life style, such as shift work change (SWC), can contribute to sleep disorders.
Other problems that can affect sleep:
Back pain
Chronic pain
Sciatica
Neck problems
Environmental noise
Incontinence
Babies that wake frequently
Various drugs - Many drugs can affect the ratio of the various stages of sleep, thus affecting the overall quality of sleep. Poor sleep can lead to accumulation of Sleep debt.
A sleep diary can be used to help diagnose, and measure improvements in sleep disorders. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale is another useful diagnostic tool.
According to Dr. William Dement, of the Stanford Sleep Center, anyone who snores and has daytime drowsiness should be evaluated for sleep disorders.
Any time back pain or another form of chronic pain is present, both the pain and the sleep problems should be treated simultaneously, as pain can lead to sleep problems and vice versa.
General Principles of Treatment
Treatments for sleep disorders generally can be grouped into three categories: 1) behavioral/ psychotherapeutic treatments, 2) medications, and 3) other somatic treatments. None of these general approaches is sufficient for all patients with sleep disorders. Rather, the choice of a specific treatment depends on the patient's diagnosis, medical and psychiatric history, and preferences, as well as the expertise of the treating clinician. In general, medications and somatic treatments provide more rapid symptomatic relief from sleep disturbances. On the other hand, some emerging evidence suggests that treatment gains with behavioral treatment of insomnia may be more durable than those obtained with medications.
Some sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy, are best treated pharmacologically, whereas others, such as chronic and primary insomnia, are more amenable to behavioral interventions. The management of sleep disturbances that are secondary to mental, medical, or substance abuse disorders should focus on the underlying conditions.
For most sleep disorders, behavioral/psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches are not incompatible and can be effectively combined to maximize therapeutic benefits..
See also
Environmental noise health effects
Reversed vegetative symptoms
Sleep hygiene
White noise machine
American Academy of Sleep Medicine

Organic/symptomatic
Dementia - Multi-infarct dementia - Delirium
Psychoactive substance
Physical dependence - Korsakoff's syndrome
Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional
Schizophrenia - Disorganized schizophrenia - Schizotypal personality disorder - Delusional disorder - Folie à deux - Schizoaffective disorder
Mood (affective)
Mania - Bipolar disorder - Clinical depression - Cyclothymia - Dysthymia
Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform
Agoraphobia - Anxiety disorder - Panic disorder - Generalized anxiety disorder - OCD - Acute stress reaction - PTSD - Adjustment disorder - Conversion disorder - Somatoform disorder - Somatization disorder - Neurasthenia
Physiological/physical behavioural
Eating disorder (Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa) - Sleep disorder
Adult personality and behaviour
Personality disorder - Passive-aggressive behavior - Kleptomania - Trichotillomania - Voyeurism - Factitious disorder - Munchausen syndrome
Mental retardation
Mental retardation
Psychological development
Specific developmental disorder - Speech disorder - Expressive language disorder - Aphasia (Expressive, Receptive) - Landau-Kleffner syndrome - Lisp - Dyslexia - Dysgraphia - Gerstmann syndrome - Dyspraxia - Pervasive developmental disorder - Autism - Rett syndrome - Asperger syndrome
Behavioural and emotional, childhood and adolescence onset
ADHD - Conduct disorder - Oppositional defiant disorder - Separation anxiety disorder - Selective mutism - Reactive attachment disorder - Tic disorder - Tourette syndrome - Stuttering - Cluttering